Trident with xylitol how much

Oral dental solutions should not be toxic at directed doses but can be dangerous if the concentrated bottle is ingested or a small dog drinks from a water bowl dosed for a large dog. Xylitol is absorbed very quickly within 20mins so there may not be a need for vomit induction here at DoveLewis we still do as long as dog is not clinical for hypoglycemia. If nothing else this may help you determine how much gum was ingested if you can count the pieces in the vomit.

The xylitol molecule is very small and does not bind well to activated charcoal so there is no need to give charcoal for absorptive purposes. You may choose to give charcoal with sorbitol as a cathartic. If the dog is hypoglycemic administer IV fluids with dextrose for hours then discontinue dextrose and monitor blood glucose q hrs off of dextrose.

Hepatoprotectants should be administered and include SAME, milk thistle, and acetylcysteine. Training plans allow you to organize assignments for your organization however it requires a premium account. Sign up for the Free trial. You can assign procedural shorts, CE lectures, or medical articles to a single team member, group or multiple groups. I had no idea how bad this was! Surprising it does not seem to bother cats. Great article, thank you :D. Stay connected and sign up for our newsletter.

Sign up for our newsletter. Share This. MedVet's Emergency Veterinarians November 30, Featured Posts. Direct aqueous GC injection has been successfully used to analyze polar compounds such as carboxylic acids, ethers, fuel oxygenates, and other fuel components [ 32 — 37 ].

To the best of our knowledge, the method described here is the first to explore the use of GC-MS direct aqueous injection to determine xylitol content of chewing gum samples.

Glycerol CAS, assay Xylitol-containing Trident sugar-free gum was purchased from Walmart regular 0. DI water was used to prepare all samples and standard stock solutions. Similar weight gum pieces were chosen for analysis.

A flow diagram of the method is shown in Figure 1 that includes sample collection, xylitol extractions by grinding gum pieces using a mortar and pestle, and centrifugation to remove any particulates before preparing solutions for GC-MS analysis.

Since fresh gum samples contain a large amount of xylitol, sample concentration before the analysis was not required Figure 1 , Fresh gum. However, chewed gum samples contain fairly small amounts of xylitol and therefore, extracts must be concentrated for accurate GC-MS analysis Figure 1 , chewed gum.

Typically, a nitrogen evaporator is used to concentrate samples. The rotary evaporator proved to be more efficient. Sample collection: 4 gum packs, each containing 18 gum sticks, were randomly selected from a commercial package containing 14 packs. A total of 12 fresh gum sticks were collected from the gum packs including the 1st, 9th, and 18th gum sticks of each pack to determine xylitol content. A fresh gum stick was carefully cut into about 6—7 small pieces.

Nine extractions are recommended to account for differences in an extractor's grinding technique. Exactly Sample collection: 12 volunteers, between 20 and 40 years old, participated in this study.

Participants were asked to wash their mouth with water before they chewed a gum stick. Participants chewed their gum pieces with similar starting masses 1. Three gum samples from each participant were collected within a 2-day interval a total of 36 gum samples. The reduced xylitol content in the chewed samples required fewer extraction steps than the fresh gum.

A similar procedure was used as above. Participants washed their mouth with water before chewing gum pieces with almost identical masses 1. The chewed gum pieces were collected into sterilized containers before extraction. Three replicates were performed by each participant total 36 gum samples. Water is generally considered as a poor solvent in GC analysis due to problems related to backflash and chemical reactivity. Common GC solvents such as hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and dichloromethane have vapor-to-liquid volume ratios in the range of —, [ 38 ] while the same for the water is found to be Solvent vapors that expand to exceed the volume of the GC liner results in backflash which can cause severe separation and liner problems.

The use of a laminar cup splitter Figure 3 is suitable for such situations when injecting large volumes of low volatile compounds. With a laminar cup inlet, the injected liquid will be trapped at the GC liner base until all the liquid completes vaporization. Chemical damage to the stationary phase is another problem related to GC water injection. However, immobilized and cross-linked nonpolar liquid film columns are found to be stable towards GC water injections [ 39 ].

Maintaining a stable vacuum can also be a concern with GC water injections. Therefore, high capacity pumps were used to obtain best results [ 40 ]. The GC oven was programmed with an initial temperature at the boiling point of xylitol to facilitate high temperature analysis, while reducing column bleed and improving limits of detection Figure 4.

Following the fresh gum high xylitol concentration analysis, a blank run was performed to confirm no sorbitol remained trapped in the GC system before further analysis.

The effect of injection temperature was studied to facilitate complete vaporization of xylitol in the GC inlet. Effect of injection temperature on xylitol peak area. Choosing a correct internal standard IS can improve a method's accuracy and precision. Method development for GC-MS often utilizes an internal standard to account for routine variation of the instrument response and injection volumes.

An internal standard should be chemically similar to the analyte but it should not be naturally present in any of the samples to be analyzed. A Trident spearmint flavor gum piece contains three polyols in large quantities: xylitol, glycerol, and sorbitol.

Mannitol is also present but at low concentrations compared to the xylitol and sorbitol content of the gum piece Figure 6. Various chemicals were tested as an internal standard for this study including ethylene glycol, 3,5-dimethoxyphenol, 2-methoxyphenol, terpineol, 2-nonanol, and DL-threitol. Both 2-methoxyphenol and DL-threitol were found to be suitable for analysis in the terms of retention times, since they did not overlap with any peaks of the Trident gum extract.

However, DL-threitol was picked as the better internal standard because it has the same functional groups as xylitol. More importantly, glycerol, threitol, xylitol, and sorbitol are members of a series of sugar alcohols where the difference between any two compounds in a sequence varies by one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom, as CH—OH unit Figure 7.

Therefore, DL-threitol is a suitable internal standard in this analysis. Recovery tests were performed to evaluate extraction efficiency. Gum base left after the 10th extraction was spiked with a known amount of solid xylitol The xylitol was thoroughly ground into the gum base using a mortar and pestle before extraction and DAI GC-MS analysis using the fresh gum method described above.

This procedure was repeated for five gum-base samples GB-1 through GB Acceptable recovery values and low standard deviations indicate high accuracy and precision of the method; thus reliable quantification is expected using this method. An internal standard calibration graph was plotted using the ratio of peak areas of the internal standard DL-threitol versus the concentration of xylitol.

Good linearity was observed, with a square of the correlation coefficient r 2 of 0. A signal-to-noise approach was selected to determine limits of detection and quantification. LOD was determined to be 0. Effect of chewing rate on xylitol release was studied. Four volunteers were randomly selected for this experiment.

Each participant was given three gum sticks with similar masses 1. Chewing rates were selected after considering general chewing habits. We observed that a person starts chewing a gum piece at a rate between 30 and chews per minute for the first two minutes due to the sugar taste. Chewing rates then decrease with time due to decreased sugar content of the gum. Three chewing rates 30, 60, and chews per minute were selected.

The method, which was used for the fresh gum analysis, was used to determine the xylitol content of chewed gum samples in this experiment Figure 8. Amount of xylitol remaining in a gum piece chewed by four participants at three different rates numbers sharing similar lower case letters indicate no significant difference.

It should be noted that there appears to be a trend that more xylitol is released with more rapid chewing; however, a larger sample size is required for proof.

Trident spearmint flavor gum pieces were selected for this study. In order to determine the range of xylitol content in a gum stick, 4 gum packs were chosen randomly, each with 18 gum sticks. The 1st, 9th, and 18th sticks of each pack were selected for analysis. The amount of xylitol in the fresh gum pieces were determined using the fresh gum analysis method established above. The xylitol content of the fresh gum samples ranged from The mass of xylitol ranged from 5.

The amount of xylitol found in these samples ranged from 0. This represents about 0. Approximately In general, a dog's size affects its tolerance to xylitol poisoning: the smaller the dog, the less tolerant and vice versa.

Additional cleanup steps and sample derivatization were not required for the analysis, resulting in short analysis times. Thus, this method possesses advantages in terms of efficiency, selectivity, and accuracy. The authors would like to thank graduate students and undergraduates of Department of Chemistry, MSU, for providing analytical samples. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Anal Methods Chem. Published online Feb 7. Suranga M.